Turkish Letters …, trans. C. T. Forster and F. H. B. Daniell (London, 1881), 1:129–30; cf. The Turkish Letters …, trans. W. S. Forster (Oxford, 1927), pp. 40–41.

21

Silihdar tarihi (Istanbul, 1928), 2:80.

22

Ibid., 2:87; cf. German transl., R. F. Kreutel, Kara Mustafa vor Wien (Graz, 1955), pp. 160 and 166.

23

Cited in Ahmet Refik, Ahmet Refik hayati seçme Şiir ve yazilari, ed. R. E. Koçu (Istanbul, 1938), p. 101.

24

F. von Kraelitz-Greifenhorst, «Bericht über den Zug des Gross Botschafters Ibrahim Pascha nach Wien im Jahre 1719,» Akademie der Wiss. Wien: Phil. Hist. Kl. Sitzungsberichte 158 (1909): 26–77.

25

Das Asafname des Lutfi Pascha, ed. and trans. R. Tschudi (Berlin, 1910), p. 34.

26

Mühimmedefteri, vol. 16, no. 139: «Donanma-i hümayunküffar-i

aksar donanmasi ile mülaki olup iradet Allah nev’-i a ire müte-’allik oldu …» Cf. M. Lesure, Lepante: la crise de l’empire Ottoman (Paris, 1972), p. 180.

27

Tarih-i Peçevi (Istanbul, 1283 A. H.), 1: 498–99; cf. A. C. Hess, «The Battle of Lepanto and its Place in Mediterranean History,» Past and Present 57 (1972): 54.

28

Kemalpaşazade, Histoire de la campagne de Mohacz …, ed. and trans. M. Pavet de Courteille (Paris, 1859), pp. 24–27.

29

Qur’ān, 60.1; cf. Qur’ān 5.51.

30

Tarih-i Cevdet (Istanbul, 1301–1309 A. H.) 5:14.

31

Vasif in Cevdet, 4:357–58; cf. French transl., Barbier de Meynard, «Ambassade de l’historien Turc Vaçif-Efendi en Espagne (1787–1788),» Journal Asiatique 5 (1862): 521–23.

32

V. L. Ménage, «The English Capitulations of 1580: A Review Article,» International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 12 (1980): 375.

33

Ibrahim Müteferrika, U

ūl al- ikem ni ām al-umem (Istanbul, 1144 A. H.); idem, French version, Traité de la Tactique (Vienna, 1769).

34

T. Öz, ed., «Selim III ün S

rkatibi taraf ndan tutulan Ruzname,» Tarih Vesikalar 3 (May, 1949): 184; cf. Cevdet, 6:130; cf. B. Lewis, «The Impact of the French Revolution on Turkey,» in The New Asia: Readings in the History of Mankind, ed. G. S. Metraux and F. Crouzet (1965), p. 119, n. 37.

35

Cevdet, 6: 118–19; see further B. Lewis, «The Impact of the French Revolution …,» p. 57, n. 12.

36

E. Z. Karal, «Yunan Adalar

n n Frans zlar taraf ndan işgali,» Tarih Semineri Dergisi, (1937), p. 113 ff; Cevdet, 6: 280–81.

37

Cevdet, 6: 311; cf. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London, 1968), pp. 66–67.

38

Jabart

, jā’ib al-athār al-tarājim wa’l-akhbār (Būlāq, 1297 A. H.), 3:2–3.

39

Nicola Turk, Chronique d’Egypte 1798–1804, ed. and trans. Gaston Wiet (Cairo, 1950), text pp. 2–3; cf. French transl., pp. 3–4. See also George M. Haddad, «The historical work of Niqula el-Turk, 1763–1828,» Journal of the American Oriental Society, 81 (1961), pp. 247–51.

40

Ibid., p. 173; cf. French translation, p. 223.

41

E. Ziya Karal, Halet Efendinin Paris Büyük Elçiligi 1802–1806 (Istanbul, 1940), pp. 32–34, 35, and 62; cf. B. Lewis, «The Impact of the French Revolution …,» p. 54.

42

Asim Tarihi (Istanbul, n.d.), 1:374–76; cf. Cevdet, 8:147–48 and Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, p. 72.

43

H. R. Idris, «Commerce maritime et

irā en Berberie orientale,» JESHO, 14 (1961), pp. 228–29.

44

W. Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion (New York, 1964), pp. 58ff, 75ff; cf Marcel Simon, Verus Israel (Paris, 1948), p. 136 ff.

45

Qur’ān, 112.

46

Ibid., 16.115.

47

Ibid., 109.

48

See D. Santillana, Instituzioni di Diritto Musulmano, 1 (Rome, 1926): 69–71; L. P. Harvey, «Crypto-Islam in Sixteenth Century Spain,» Actas del Primer Congreso de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos (Madrid, 1964), pp. 163–178; al-Wanshar

sh , Asnā al-matājir bayān a kām man ghalaba la wa anihi al-na ārā wa-lam yuhājir, ed. usayn Mu’nis, in Revista del Institute Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid 5 (1957): 129–191.

49

Sā

d b. A mad al-Andalūs , Kitāb abaqāt al-Umam, (Cairo, n.d.), p. 11; cf. French transl., R. Blachère, Livre des catégories des nations, Publications de l’Institut des Hautes Études Marocaines 28 (Paris, 1935): 36–37.

50

Rash

d al-D