one by A. Miquel, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu’au milieu du lle siècle, 3 vols. (Paris, 1967–80), especially vol. 2, Géographie arabe et représentation du monde: la terre et l’étranger, chapters 6 and 7 on eastern and western Europe; the other by I. J. Kračkovsky, Istoriya Arabslcoy Geografičeskoy Literatury, Izbranniye Sočineniya, vol. 5 (Moscow-Leningrad, 1957), Arabic transl. by S. U. Hāshim, Ta’r kh al-adab al-djughrā al- ’arab (Cairo, 1963). For a briefer survey, see EI2., s.v. «Djughrāf ya,» (S. Maqbul A mad). On medieval Muslim geographers’ knowledge of Europe, see I. Guidi, «L’Europa occidentale negli antichi geografi arabi,» Florilegium M. de Vogüe (1909): 263–69; E. Ashtor, «Che cosa sapevano i geografi Arabi dell’Europa occidentale?» Rivista Storica Italiana 81 (1969): 453–79; K. Jahn, «Das Christliche Abendland in der islamischen Geschichts-schreibung des Mittelalters,» Anzeiger der phil.-hist. Klasse der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 113 (1976): 1–19; Y. Q. al-Khūr , «al-Jughrāf yūn al- rab wa-Urūba,» al-Ab āth 20 (1967): 357–92.

157

Ibn Khurradādhbeh, Kitāb al-masālik wa ’l-mamālik, ed. M. J. de Goeje (Leiden, 1889), p. 155.

158

Ibid., pp. 92–93.

159

Ibid., p. 153. For an important recent study see M. Gil., «The Rādhā nite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān,» JESHO 18 (1974): 299–328.

160

Ibn al-Faq

h, Mukhta ar Kitāb al-Buldān, ed. M. J. de Goeje (Leiden, 1885); cf. French transl., H. Massé, Abrégé des Livre des Pays (Damascus, 1973) p. 8.

161

Ibn Rusteh, Kitāb al-a

āq al-na sa M. J. M. J. de Goeje (Leiden, 1892), p. 85; cf. French transl., G. Wiet, Les Atours Precieux (Cairo, 1958), p. 94.

162

Mas

d , Kitāb al-tanb h wa’l-ishrāf (Beirut, 1965), pp. 23–24; cf. French transl., Carra de Vaux, Macoudi, le livre de l’avertissement et de la révision (Paris, 1897), pp. 38–39.

163

Mas

d , Murūj al-dhahab, ed. and transl. F. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet du Courteille (Paris, 1861–77) 3: 66–67; ibid., 2nd ed., C. Pellat (Beirut, 1966–70) 2: 145–46; cf. revised French transl., C. Pellat (Paris, 1962–71) 2: 342.

164

On Arabic accounts of the Vikings, see A. Melvinger, Les premières incursions des Vikings en Occident d’après les sources arabes (Uppsala, 1955); A. A. el-Hajji, «The Andalusian diplomatic relations with the Vikings …» The sources were collected by A. Seippel, Rerum Normannicarum, and translated into Norwegian by H. Birkeland, Nordens Historie i Middelalderen etter Arabiske Kilder (Oslo, 1954).

165

See EI2., s.v. «Asfar,» (I. Goldziher) and idem, Muslim Studies vol. 1, transl. C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern (London, 1967), pp. 268–69.

166

Mas

d , Murūj, ed. Barbier de Meynard, 3: 69–72; C. Pellat ed., 2: 147–48; cf. Pellat transl. 2: 344–45. For an English translation and discussion, see B. Lewis, «Mas d on the Kings of the ‘Franks,’» Al-Mas d Millenary Commemoration Volume (Aligarh, 1960), pp. 7–10.

167

Ibn Rusteh, p. 130; cf. Wiet transl., p. 146.

168

Yāqūt, s.v. «Rūmiya.» On the Arabic accounts of Rome, see I. Guidi, «La descrizione di Roma nei geografi arabi,» Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria 1 (1877): 173–218.

169

Ibid.

170

Qazv

n , pp. 388–89; cf. Jacob, pp. 26–27; cf. Miquel, pp. 1057–58. For a later account of catching a «large fish,» probably a whale, see Vakiat-i Sultan Cem, pp. 9–10.

171

A. Kunik and V. Rosen, Izvestiya al-Bekri, pp. 34–35; T. Kowalski, Relatio Ibrāh

m ibn Ja ūb, pp. 2–3; Bakri, Jughrāfiya, ed. A. A. el-Hajji, pp. 160–63; G. Jacob, Arabische Berichte, pp. 12–13.

172

Qazv

n , pp. 334–35; cf. Jacob, pp. 31–32; cf. Miquel, pp. 1052–53.

173

Zuhr

, pp. 229–30/77–78; cf. French transl., p. 93.

174

Idr

s , Opus Geographicum, ed. A. Bombaci et.al., fasc. 8 (Naples, 1978), p. 944; cf. A. F. L. Beeston, «Idrisi’s Account of the British Isles,» BSOAS 13 (1950): 267.

175

Idr

s , Opus, fasc. 8, p. 946.

176

Ibid., pp. 947–48.

177

Ibn Sa

d, Kitāb Bas al-ar fi’l- ūl wa’l- r , ed. J. V. Gines (Tetuan, 1958), p. 134. Cf. Abū’l-Fida, Taqw m al-buldān, ed. J. S. Reinaud and M. de Slane (Paris, 1840), p. 187;